The Importance of Risk Management

The Importance of Risk Management Hazard the board is a significant piece of dynamic procedure in a development organization. Hazard can influence efficiency, execution, quality, and financial plan of a development venture. This part gives a review of development venture dangers. In the mean time, hazards in development task will be perceived and arranged into a few gatherings. Moreover, the ebb and flow pattern in hazard the executives looks into will likewise be talked about in this part. It is imperative to expound hazards in development ventures with the end goal of this undertaking paper as to satisfy the primary goal of this examination, which is to recognize and characterize the dangers in development ventures. Hazard is characterized as the opportunity of an unfavorable occasion contingent upon the conditions (Butler, 1982). Hazard is seen as the potential for undesirable or negative outcomes of an occasion or activity'(Rowe, 1977 ), a mix of peril and introduction (Chicken and Posner, 1998). Late research will in general stress the two-edged nature of dangers, for example, a danger and a challenge'(Flanagan and Norman, 1993), the possibility of something happening that will affect destinations; may have a positive or negative impact'(AS/NZS, 2004), mix of the likelihood or recurrence of event of a characterized danger or opportunity and the greatness of the outcomes of the event. This investigation looks at fundamentally the negative effects of dangers inborn in development extends through a consolidated thought of the probability of event and the greatness of outcome. Hazard the board is a framework which intends to recognize and measure all dangers to which the business or task is uncovered with the goal that a cognizant choice can be taken on the best way to deal with the risks'(Flanagan and Norman, 1993). PMBOK included hazard the board as one of the nine concentrations in venture the board and depicted it as the procedures worried about directing danger the executives arranging, ID, examination, reactions, and observing and control on a task. As of late, AS/NZS characterized hazard the executives as the way of life, procedures and structures that are coordinated towards acknowledging potential open doors while overseeing antagonistic effects'(AS/NZS, 2004). In accordance with these definitions, chance administration in the development venture the executives setting is a deliberate method of distinguishing, breaking down and managing dangers related with a task in a mean to accomplish the undertaking destinations (Zou et al., 2007). Attributabl e to its expanding significance, chance administration has been perceived as a need in todays development industry, and a lot of procedures and techniques have been created to control the impacts brought by potential dangers (Zou et al., 2007). An assortment of hazard and hazard related definitions are applied to development ventures, and no standard definitions or methods exist for what comprises a hazard evaluation. In the development business, hazard is regularly alluded to as the nearness of potential or genuine treats or openings that impact the goals of a task during development, dispatching, or at time of utilization (RAMP, 1998). Hazard is likewise characterized as the introduction to the possibility of events of occasions antagonistically or well influencing venture targets as a result of vulnerability (Al-Bahar and Crandall, 1990). As per (Walewski and Gibson, 2003) as referenced by Dias and Ioannou (1995) , there are two sorts of hazard: 1) unadulterated hazard when there is the chance of money related misfortune however no chance of monetary benefit, and 2) theoretical hazard that includes the chance of the two additions and misfortunes. CIIs authoritative work on development dangers (Diekmann et al., 1998) util izes exemplary activities inquire about writing to recognize the ideas of hazard, conviction, and vulnerability, and is reliable with the writing (ASCE, 1979; CIRA, 1994; Kangari, 1995; Hastak and Shaked, 2000; PMI, 2001; Smith, 2001) on what is considered as the consecutive methods for development chance administration: 1) distinguishing proof, 2) evaluation, 3) investigation of effect, and 4) the executives reaction. Expanded worries about task chance have offered ascend to different endeavors to create chance administration techniques. A case of such is the Risk Analysis and Management of Projects (RAMP) strategy delivered by the Institute of Civil Engineers and the Institute of Actuaries in the United Kingdom (RAMP, 1998) . This technique utilizes an undertaking system to distinguish and relieve chance by utilizing the acknowledged structure of hazard recognizable proof and task controls by concentrating on dangers as they happen during the venture life cycle. It expects clients to follow a sane arrangement of systems and to embrace this examination at booked spans during the existence pattern of a venture. Customary hazard appraisal for development has been interchangeable with probabilistic investigation (Liftson and Shaifer, 1992, Al-Bahar and Crandall, 1990). Such methodologies expect occasions to be totally unrelated, comprehensive, and restrictively autonomous. In any case, development includes numerous factors, and it is frequently hard to decide causality, reliance and connections. Therefore, emotional logical strategies that depend on chronicled data and the encounters of people and organizations have been utilized to evaluate the effect of development hazard and vulnerability (Bajaj et al., 1997). Venture hazard is a dubious occasion or condition that, in the event that it happens, has a positive or a negative impact on at any rate one anticipate objective, for example, time, cost, degree, or quality (i.e., where the task time objective is to convey as per the settled upon plan; where the undertaking cost objective is to convey inside the settled upon cost; and so forth.). A hazard may have at least one causes and, on the off chance that it happens, at least one effects. For instance, a reason might be requiring a natural grant to accomplish work, or having constrained faculty appointed to plan the task. The hazard occasion is that the allowing office may take longer than intended to give a grant, or the structure work force accessible and appointed may not be satisfactory for the movement. On the off chance that both of these dubious occasions happens, there might be an effect on the venture cost, timetable, or execution. Hazard conditions could incorporate parts of the ventu res or associations condition that may add to extend chance, for example, poor task the executives rehearses, absence of coordinated administration frameworks, simultaneous numerous undertakings, or reliance on outer members who can't be controlled. Effective venture the board requires the distinguishing proof of the elements affecting task scope definition, cost, plan, contracting system and work execution plan. Anyway a great part of the examination identified with hazard recognizable proof, appraisal and the board for built offices is centered around points of interest, for example, area, classes of dangers perspectives, or sorts of undertakings. For instance arrangements of important development venture dangers have been created (Kangari, 1995, RAMP, 1998, Smith, 1999, Hastak and Shaked, 2000, Diekmann et al., 1998) just as political hazard are accessible (Ashley and Bonner, 1987, Howell, 2001) . The estimation of deliberate hazard the board of venture movement isn't completely perceived by the development business (Walewski et al., 2002) . Since no regular perspective on hazard exists, proprietors, financial specialists, creators, and constructors have varying destinations and unfriendly connections between the gatherings are normal. Endeavors at organizing hazard examination the board between the entirety of the undertaking members have not been formalized and this is particularly evident among contractual workers and proprietors. (Hayes et al., 1987) characterized three stages for chance administration process (RMP), in particular: hazard distinguishing proof; chance investigation and hazard reaction. (Uher and Toakley, 1999) showed that out of three stages engaged with chance administration, the idea of hazard recognizable proof seems, by all accounts, to be the most known and drilled. (Lam, 1999), in his paper which talked about dangers related with significant foundation extends, and characterized chance distinguishing proof as posting of most, if not all, the potential regions where an undesired result may result. Such posting ought to be done at the most punctual conceivable phase of the task. Moreover, the creator recorded a few methods that could be utilized in chance recognizable proof, for example, conceptualizing, brief records, organized meetings and knowing the past commentators. Another valuable technique is to reenact occasions and connections utilizing a theoretical venture life cycle with the goal that the significant hazard factors are made evident. Hazard recognizable proof is typically done in a group.(Chapman, 1997) presented three strategies for chance distinguishing proof, in particular: conceptualizing; Nominal Group Technique (NGT) and Delphi. These are approaches to gather decisions from the venture group. Be that as it may, conceptualizing was the most ordinarily refered to method. (Tummala and Burchett, 1999) characterized Risk Management Process (RMP) as a coherently, predictable and organized way to deal with identify and comprehend conceivable hazard factors and to survey their results and uncertainties.(Chapman, 1997) expressed that a formal (RMP) ought to be applied at all phases in the undertaking lifecycle by venture proprietors and temporary workers. On the other hand, the procedure is alluded to by numerous creators as (PRAM) Project Risk Analysis and Management. In any case, it is the creators supposition that (PRAM) and (RMP) are comparable terms for a similar idea and can be utilized conversely. (Uher and Toakley, 1999) disliked a paper examining the utilization of hazard the board in the theoretical period of the development venture improvement cycle where vulnerability is at its pinnacle. Moreover, (Cano and Cruz, 2002) clarified a conventional hazard the board procedure to be attempted by associations with the most elevated level of hazard the executives development in the biggest and most complex development ventures. As a last approval, Delphi investigation was applied to survey the hazard the executives approach. (Tooth et al., 2004) introduced a hazard appraisal m

Prostate Cancer

PROSTATE malignant growth (PCa) is probably the greatest danger to men’s wellbeing. It will in general create in men beyond fifty one years old is considered as one of the most well-known diseases among guys the world over. It is assessed that prostate disease kills one man pretty much at regular intervals while another case is identified each more than two minutes. As indicated by the Philippine Cancer Society Inc. ’s (PCSI) populace based malignant growth library, 10 men out of 100,000 will experience the ill effects of prostate disease. As of late, this measurement has meant an expected 4,254 prostate malignancy patients in the Philippines.Sadly, the vast majority of them are ignorant of the side effects of how they can be tried for it or of how the infection can be dealt with. This is tragic on the grounds that †like most malignancies †the previous prostate disease is analyzed, the more prominent its odds being effectively treated. With this disturbing num ber of prostate malignant growth patients, June has been proclaimed as Prostate Cancer Awareness Month. It is a month devoted for men to be made mindful that â€Å"the quiet killer† doesn’t truly need to kill. On the off chance that they think about it, they can win against it.Prostate disease is a type of malignant growth that creates in the prostate, an adornment sex organ in the male conceptive framework. Most prostate diseases are moderate developing, however some can be forceful. Prostate malignant growth may cause torment, trouble in pee, issues during sex, or, even, erectile brokenness. Be that as it may, all the more usually, it may not create any indications whatsoever until the later stages. Numerous elements, including hereditary qualities and diet, have been ensnared in the improvement of prostate cancer.Diagnosing it is encouraged by 2 primary tests: the DRE or Digital Rectal Exam †which can be acted in the facility by the urologist and the PSA or Pro state Specific Antigen †a blood test which is done in many labs. On occasion, it might get important to have a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) of the prostate done. May mga screening tests gaya ng pagkapa ng doktor sa prostata sa Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) o ang pagsusuri sa dugo ng Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA). Ito'y maaaring gawin bawat 1-2 taon mula sa edad 40.Magpatingin sa doktor para sa anumang sintomas ng pag-ihi gaya ng balisawsaw na hindi nawawala, parang may natitirang ihi sa pantog, pag-ihi ng dugo, pagtitibi at pamamayat. The Prostate Cancer Awareness Month June 15, 2012, 10:28pm MANILA, Philippines †Recognizing that prostate malignancy is the most widely recognized sort of malignancy influencing the male populace of the world, Prostate Cancer Awareness Month is praised in numerous nations around the world to increase attention to the infection which influences 250,000 and which causes one passing every hour.In the Philippines, June of consistently is commend ed as Prostate Cancer Awareness Month. Prostate malignancy happens when the cells of the prostate †a little, pecan molded organ found underneath the bladder †change into disease cells. These cells may spread from the prostate to different pieces of the body, for example, the lymph hubs and the bones. While the specific reason for prostate malignancy stays obscure, various hazard factors have been distinguished, including age, family ancestry, diet, contamination, and aggravation of the prostate.Men who eat a great deal of red meat or high-fat dairy items, and eat less leafy foods are generally similar to get the illness. Nine out of 10 grown-ups are ignorant that disease of the prostate can grow gradually, unnoticed. Men with beginning periods of prostate malignancy only sometimes experience side effects; these show following quite a long while when the disease is sufficiently huge to squeeze the urethra (the cylinder that channels pee from the bladder).Some of the side ef fects are: Difficulty and torment in passing pee; passing pee more regular than expected, particularly around evening time; hints of blood in the pee; and erectile brokenness. Early a year ago, the House of Representatives transmitted to the Senate House Bill 590 (Prostate Cancer Public Awareness Act) requiring the formation of a government funded training program on executioner maladies, including prostate disease and other driving kinds of cancer.Males matured 40 or more are urged to experience normal physical assessments for prostate malignancy and different sorts of malignancy. Let us additionally energize male individuals from our families and families to have an ordinary and exhaustive physical assessment particularly when they arrive at the age 40, as early identification of prostate malignant growth will empower them to promptly look for proper clinical treatment.Relevant government and private foundations would do well to heighten inquire about endeavors to all the more lik ely comprehend the illness, and accomplish advancements as far as avoidance and fix. Congrats! prostate disease presently positions as the sixth most regular malignancy in the Philippines, the fourth most basic malignant growth among guys? Kanser sa baga (Lung disease) Kanser sa atay (liver malignant growth) Kanser sa prostata (prostate disease) Kanser sa bituka (colon disease)

How to Overcome Fear and Feeling Overwhelmed

How to Overcome Fear and Feeling Overwhelmed Have you been feeling fearful lately? Maybe stressed out?You are not alone in this. Many Americans are stressed, especially due to health care concerns. Source: APABut being a common problem doesn’t make it normal. Neither does it mean that the situation should be ignored.Life has become very challenging for the majority.You may not be having a job. And if you do, you may not be earning enough to sustain a comfortable life. Maybe you’re even avoiding having children because of this and definitely cannot make any investment.With so many things to do and so little resources, anxiety creeps in. Life becomes overwhelming and you no longer have control over important aspects of your life.If you are feeling overwhelmed and fearful to whatever degree, this article is for you. You can also share it to help others.As you read it, you will understand the situation better and learn what you can do to change it.SYMPTOMS OF BEING OVERWHELMEDSometimes, unless you are trained to detect something, you may not notice it. This is why creating awareness is important.For instance, the number of deaths due to cancer can be avoided if people just knew what signs to look out for. Or understood the need for screening.The same applies to feelings of being overwhelmed. Do not ignore the symptoms or think it’s just how things are. Recognizing them for what they are will help you resolve the underlying issues.It’s difficult to come up with a comprehensive list of symptoms.To get you started however, here are a few symptoms you can run through.This will enable you determine where you stand on the “feelings of being overwhelmed” scale.StressThe first thing you’re likely to easily identify when overwhelmed is stress.Stress by itself is not necessarily a bad thing. It is just a way through which your body tells you to take a break.But when you fail to do that, other things start going wrong.You get stressed because of the release of the hormone cortisol. When you act appropriately, this is used up and you get back to normal.But if you persist in the stress-producing situation, the hormone is continually pumped into the bloodstre am and the results get worse.A myriad of life issues can bring about stress and feelings of being overwhelmed are one of them. So paying attention to your stress levels is a good way of keeping things in check. Source: Verywell HealthWorryRarely will you be stressed or overwhelmed by anything and not be worried.This is just a natural result of stress.Are you stressed about your debt level and financial insecurity? You’ll be worried about your future.Are you overwhelmed by the amount of pending work? You’ll be worried about your boss’ reaction.Are you stressed about how your spouse is treating you? You’ll be worried whether things will get worse and end up in a divorce.All the above scenarios point to things going out of control. You were probably quite okay at some point but now you aren’t.And as life keeps moving faster and people keep chasing after it, being overwhelmed is likely to be more and more prevalent.As long as you’re overwhelmed, you’ll have a thing or two to be worried about.HopelessnessAnd when things get worse, you will start feeling hopeless.Hopeless that the situation will never improve. Hopeless that you cannot do anything about the situation that’s causing you stress. Hopeless that your overwhelmed state is something you’ll have to live with.This is the point where you might start exhibiting symptoms of anxiety or depression.This is not a good state to get to and hopefully, the tips shared below will help you prevent it.Hopelessness is also fueled by the kind of thoughts running through your mind.At the beginning, you can contain them. But as the situation deteriorates, it becomes harder and you start believing that nothing can be done.Just know that there is always something that can be done. And if you don’t have the strength, just reach out for some support.IrritabilityOne of the tell-tale signs of being overwhelmed is increased irritability. If you are usually disposed to anger outbursts, being overwhelmed makes it worse.If someone requests you to do something, especially your peer or junior, you are likely to lash out at them. You may see them as being disrespectful, unfair or even malicious in their intentions.None of these assumptions may be true and the people you lash out at may just conclude that you’re stressed. To you however, they are the ones making life difficult for you.If this is not dealt with quickly, you might move from being irritated and start attacking your perceived enemies.With such action though, you might be making things worse. You may attack or frighten the very people who could have helped you out of the situation.WearinessAlong with the feeling that you cannot manage the burden on your shoulders comes feelings of weariness. Any time you’re overwhelmed, you will also start feeling tired.This is because you are working towards solving the problem but the expected results seem to elude you.The truth however is that you’re putting in very inefficient effort.The stress you’ve accumulated is causing you not to be focused and so your brain isn’t serving you well. It has many other things it’s trying to accomplish. Chief among them is keeping you safe.So your brain will si gnal to you that some rest is necessary. If you don’t rest, things are likely to get worse. You look at the pile of work in your in-tray and realize the need to keep working. Remembering that you could be kicked out of your home due to non-payment of rent, you will want to finish the job.But since your mind is not settled and focused, you get thoughts of having too much to handle. And since you’ve been working hard to finish your work, you are certainly tired.Your mind may start shutting down and cause you to become sleepy.ProcrastinationProcrastination is another classic problem faced by many. Victims range from perfectionists seeking to get all the details right to overwhelmed people not knowing where to start.If you’re extremely overwhelmed, you may not see an end in sight.You need to look for a way of getting things done. You need to plan. But the plans don’t seem to be working. Your efforts don’t seem to be paying off.Are you making the right plans? Are you prioritizi ng tasks the right way? Do you even have the capacity to handle the situation or should you wait till you’re able to?It’s very easy to decide that you need some extra time. Maybe to research the right tools to help you become more efficient. Or the right way of dealing with the situation at hand.All these make sense. But for your current situation, it’s not the best thing to consider doing.Your mind is already bogged down by issues and your focus is lost. “Researching” is most likely a term you’re using to rationalize time-wasting activities.HOW TO OVERCOME FEAR AND FEELING OVERWHELMEDIf you find yourself in a situation where you’re overwhelmed, don’t give in to the pressure.Whether it makes sense or not, just tell yourself that you can get out of it. The truth is that you can.You just need to believe it then slowly work your way out.This article is all about pointing you in the right direction. We have broken the solution down to two distinct phases.The first is whe re you deal with the current situation as it is. This is for the sake of getting a grip on your emotions to avoid the roller coaster ride. The second phase deals with the problem at the root of the situation.Any time you have an issue troubling you, it’s best to try getting to the root. If you don’t, you’ll end up dealing with the symptoms only.Those will disappear then re-appear again. It’s like cutting down the branches of a tree and hoping that since the leavesâ€"the food-making partâ€"are gone, the tree will die.Here is your way out.1. TAMING THE SYMPTOMSThe first thing to take note of is the wording used here. The tips provided here are merely for the purposes of “taming” the symptoms. The reason for this is to allow some logic to filter in.When you’re overwhelmed and are giving in to fear, it is your emotions that are ruling your will.Your will is the part of you that makes decisions. Despite being the master, it relies on your emotions and logic to decide what†™s best for you. It’s like the CEO asking for information from company managers.Take a Deep BreathWhen you become overwhelmed, your body starts functioning differently. It deviates from the norm. Primarily, you will have increased brain activity and your blood pressure will also increase.As your brain is working hard to solve the problem, your heart works hard to supply it with the right amounts of oxygen and energy.This is why you will start breathing faster so as to provide your heart with the oxygen to supply your brain.The good thing is that you can easily control all of the three connected activities i.e. breathing, heart rate and brain activity.And you don’t need to deal with each of them individually. Targeting one works on the rest.Watch the below video for some breathing techniques you can practice any time on your own. Your breathing is the key here. Regulating your breathing will slow down your heart rate. Your brain will take the cue and calm down too.Be OptimisticBe ing overwhelmed brings about a lot of negativity. You become pessimistic as you struggle with the issues facing you. And as long as this is your mindset, you may only struggle some more.The problem with being negative is that it establishes the situation over you. You therefore only see how big and tough the situation is and not how you can deal with it.Not even how you can address it step by step until it’s all finished.Optimism / Pessimism ScenarioImagine a trader in North Africa walking across Sahara desert with his camel carrying his wares. At times, he climbs up the camel for a ride.When he gets tired of sitting, he gets down to walk beside it. With temperatures getting as highs as 100.4 to 104.0 °F, he can’t avoid being thirsty.When he runs out of water, he goes on for a day before finally arriving at the market. He is relieved to see a fellow trader he knows. Asking for water, he is given a small container (250 ml) which is only half full. What do you think he will do?If he’s negative, he will start complaining. “Is this all you can give me? Do you know how tough my journey has been?”Obviously, his fellow trader doesn’t know what happened on his journey to the market. Also, it’s very possible that the water provided is all there is.If he’s positive, he will notice the small amount of water but appreciate all the same. To him, that’s better than nothing. A little relief is better than none at all.Apply this to your situation.You may feel like everything is against you. According to you, the only relief you expect to have is for all your problems to be solved at once. Your pending work to disappear, your debts to be miraculously canceled and your bank account filled with $1,000,000.The chances of this happening are very slim.But if you just believe that the situation can be dealt with, you’ll be able to get things sorted.2. DEALING WITH THE ROOT PROBLEMWith the emotional part of the problem under control, you can now dive deeper to de al with the real issue.This is where you start building a system which can get you out of the current mess.Having developed a positive mindset, you can now take action. A positive attitude will help you move forward.And since you have several things to work on, you can generate enough will power to move in the right direction.Silence Your Inner CriticDo you remember the symptoms we talked about? They all push your body to some action.For example, weariness may push you to go and sleep. Stress, anxiety and depression can push you towards suicide. Procrastination can push you towards unhealthy or even illegal activities.But is it all automatic?No.When you start experiencing symptoms, there is a voice which whispers to you the kind of action to take. That voice advices you in line with the challenges at hand so you only experience them more and more.But this voice did not show up from nowhere. It always existed though you may not have recognized it.Your inner critic is the voice which tells you how much you’re unable to deal with the situation. How inexperienced you are for the job. How nobody appreciates the effort you put in because it is not good enough.That voice is always criticizing you whenever you have an opportunity to move forward. Source: Alex KipTo counter your inner critic, you need to feed yourself with affirmations. Find out your strengths and recite them to yourself. Make yourself know how good and able you are.Do not mind arguments going on in your mind. Just ignore whatever is against these affirmations and in due time, the arguments will reduce. Eventually, they will cease because they will have been overcome by the affirmations.This is how you train your mind. You simply feed it with the right information and it will use that to reason things out.The next time your will wants to make a decision, your new logic will be stronger, presenting your will with better reasons to disregard temporary emotions.Reduce Your To-Do ListBuilding yourself up against your inner critic is like cutting the tree down to the ground. But in order to stop it from growing and causing trouble again, you have to uproot it.The reason you are overwhelmed is because you just have too much on your plate. You either bit more than yo u could chew or someone pushed too much your way than you could handle.It might also be that the problem is laziness. Maybe you just take your sweet time to do even the smallest of tasks. As a result, other tasks come and find you still working on the first one.They join the queue. By the time it’s evening, you have so much and despite being small, they are all incomplete.Whether the tasks are small or big, that’s not the issue. The issue is that you have too much to handle. You need to reduce the items on your To-Do list.And this is not by working on them but by either canceling them or getting people to help you out.Get rid of anything you don’t have to do by yourself. And if everything is personal such that you can’t just bring in people, then get some trusted friends.This is a critical moment and you have to open yourself up a little.Openly communicate to your friends your urgent need for help.Once they are signed up, dish out those tasks like cookies. Let them help you out on as much as possible.Learn to Say “No”Those tasks may get finished only for the list to grow long again. To avoid that, learn to only take on the tasks you’re sure you can finish on time.If it’s your job, speak with your manager about this. If you feel or think that you might lose the responsibilities which give you a good income, then you have to train yourself to be more productive.But even then, it is always wise to know when you need to say “No.”There are many things requiring your attention. Some may be important while others are not. Understanding that you cannot do everything helps you realize that you have to abandon some projects.PrioritizeAfter all these, you will remain with only a few things which you need to do. These are those which you either cannot delegate or just intend to handle by yourself.At this point, you need to practice the art of prioritizing. Even if you have only three things to do but start with the task with the lowest priority, you ma y end up overwhelmed.You will later on start rushing to finish the important tasks since you’re already behind schedule.It’s advisable to start your day by working on the most important tasks. That way, even if you don’t complete the rest, you will at least have finished the most important ones.That way, potential stress is eliminated.When you notice that you’re progressing well, congratulate yourself. Celebrate yourself so that you see the rewards of doing things right.Your mind will appreciate it and help you towards more of the same victory. It will do this knowing there is a reward.CONCLUSIONWhen you deal with the overwhelming situation and stop it from recurring, you will have taken control of your life.You will be able to do more important things and your life will be more meaningful.

Reverse Mergers Taking Your Private Company Public Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1988 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? One of the many ways for a small or medium size privately held company to go public and raise additional capital or even acquisitions is through a Reverse Merger. A Reverse Merger is a simple and fast method by which a private company can become a public company. To do this transaction, a private company merges with a public listed company that has no business and with no assets or liabilities (meaning its not functional). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Reverse Mergers Taking Your Private Company Public Finance Essay" essay for you Create order By merging in such a company the private company becomes public. This publicly traded corporation is called a Shell corporation. This is so because all that will remain of the original company is its structure. The Reverse Merger was established as an alternative to the famous Initial Public Offering (IPO), for companies who want the benefit of becoming public without the complications and expense that the IPO process has. A Reverse Merger is also known as takeovers or RTOs (Reverse Take Over). It is often suggested that the Reverse Mergers is the best option in providing greater access into capital markets, offering the opportunity to utilize its stocks to make acquisitions and even improve the way the company is seen in the eyes of the investment community. There are two types of shell companies used in reverse mergers. Firstly, a public company that has failed which exists just to be sold in order to recoup some of the costs that causes the business to fail. And secondly, th ere are companies that are created directly for the purpose of being sold as a shell in a reverse merger process. These are of less risk because of the unknown liabilities. When the Private Company merges into a public company it gains the majority of stocks, which is usually 90%. This company must first get approval from the majority of its stockholders for a merger with a public corporation. Then the company will proceed to change the name of the public corporation which is usually a dominant one, sometimes to its own name and restructure its management board of directors. This new public corporation will now need a base of shareholders that is enough to meet the 300 shareholder requirement to be admitted on the NASDAQ Small Cap Market. The SEC also recently stated that if you will want to go public with a shell, you will need financials that are audited and the equivalent of registration statement within 4 days of the merger. Thus there may be no need for public shells, and it will now take longer if you use it. A process of adopting the New Securities Act Rule Reform and trading on the Pink Sheets is suggested for using to go public. It is said to be less expensive. However, I think that this just means that there are other new alternatives of going public in the making. Even though SEC does not account for the statistics of the number of companies that goes public using the reverse merger, the amount is believed to be hundreds per year. (Stated by: RCW Mirus Technology). There are many benefits of going public via reverse mergers in comparison to IPO. The initial costs are much lower and the extra banking fees for investment is escaped. In addition the time it takes to become public is extremely shorter. After the company is publicly traded, there is a possibility for the company to demand a higher price for offering the companys securities at a later time. There is less stock dilution when you go public via a reverse merger. The process of going public and raising capital at the same time is combined in an IPO whereas these two is disentangled with a reverse merger. A company can go public without raising additional capital! Doing this simplifies going public to a large extent. In addition, where an IPO will require a long and good steady history, a reverse merger earnings history does not hamper the completion of the merger. The ownership control needed is less and greater valuation for the company is achieved. Also the company does not require an underwriter. When a company has gone public through a reverse merger the financial markets starts to make future provisions for that newly public corporation. The market value will be significantly more than a private company that has the same structure, in the same industry. The capital will off course be easier to earn because, the stocks now has market value and can be traded. The public trading price of the public companys securities is used to determine the offer price o f any following public or private securities offering. Since stocks are now publicly traded acquisitions can be made. These stocks are seen as currency for acquisitions and mergers. The new company can also receive proceeds from the active use of warrants, if the warrants are included in the stock dividend distribution. Basically, reverse mergers are more appropriate for companies that dont need capital soon, and is willing to wait until it reaches its potential growth and level, when it will be successful as a public unit. They will need a minimum of $20 million or $ 2 million of sales and earnings respectively to reach its peak. Reverse mergers can be best used to finance from the development of products to providing capital needed to enhance working needs. Again, comparing reverse mergers to IPOs, fees and expensed in this regard is not so high, and deals are completed for $50,000 to $100,000, which is probably about 25 percent of the costs that companies who do IPOs have to t ake out of their own pockets to add to their exceedingly costly transactions. However the company thats acquiring the private company may give up 10% to 20% of its equity. This part is remarkably expensive for the private company. Why? This is because the company is really giving up ownership just for the sake of becoming public. Essentially the first steps to take when doing a Reverse Merger are: Find a shell company- can be done by contacting an attorney from a law firm that deals with securities. Another alternative is an accountant. Those controlling the shell companies usually try to keep the financial statements in order, making the account aware of shell company. Also there are financial consultants that can be contacted because they have shells that they will give if requested. However, there is a cost attached. The consultants may want to become minority shareholders in the new company, holding 2 to 5%. Devise a Financial Strategy A reverse merger is an indirect w ay of raising capital, therefore, entrepreneurs must think of how more capital must be raise after the merger is completed. The exercise of issuing warrants, where the common shares are not registered, would need a brokerage firms help. The merger also must be done where $1 million does not have to be paid as registration requirement. Have a good Image companies embarking the reverse merger transaction should follow these steps to promote their new company; Hire a national accounting firm. They make investors, traders, and regulators feel secure. Thats why they charge so much. Hire a prestigious law firm; if the attorney that originally helped in the reverse merger transaction is a professional in these kinds of deals, he/she should be kept or the law firm for which he/she belongs. This is because when the investors and brokers are deciding if to join your offering or not, they will look at such things, to know if to trust your company or not. Use clean shells; as was mention ed before some shells are created to use in merging private to public company they have no successor entity, leaving more blockage for business failure. Caution Dont be greedy there is no incentive for other investors to get involved, if only internal parties benefits. Therefore, at least 2 percent of the company should be owned by the public leaving 98 percent to be controlled by owners of the private company that has just gone public. It is possible to structure the merger that way. Here are the Pros and Cons of going public using Reverse Mergers. The Advantages of doing so would be that less time is taken to complete the deal (3 6 months minimum). It saves money. Total costs will be $100,000 to $300, 000, and no underwriter fees or commissions. The legal work is less compared to an IPO and there are no disturbances. Private fund raising can be completed before the registration. Public fund raising can be initiated after the original registration is finished this can make you receive money at a higher value. Acquisitions can be made for public stock after company starts trading. Debt can be converted to equity using stock. Any type of company can complete a merger does not have to be a male/female dominated industry. Offers the liquidity of investors buying and selling stock original investors have a way out of the investment. There are incentives that management use to attract and motivate employees, such as bonuses via stock/options. The existing private company and its shareholders would have control and own the major ity of the public company. Growth is achieved by acquisitions using stocks instead of cash or using it together with cash. There is estimate planning that helps established stock values and monitor it easily. In relation to foreign companies reverse mergers are a simple way to get control of US publicly traded company, without getting US tax. The Disadvantages surround confidentially, public reporting, dilution, time involvement, liability and expense. For instance, to become publicly held total financial disclosure is required. Reporting expense is more due to need for disclosure. A percentage of equity is let go by the owners. Managers must now dedicate more time to public company operations. More visibility for the company carries with it greater level of liability exposure. The cost for legal and investor relations and regulatory audit becomes high. Other needs that are required will be a comprehensive business plan to show would-be investors. A strong management team w hich public investors demand, a market plan that proves good sales growth and the product or service should show some potential for growth. In addition a financial statement that is qualified by SEC for the past fiscal year and a legal advocate that can handle regulatory compliance. Caribbean countries can enter the public market in a variety of ways, which include trading stocks, bonds and other securities. These being, the Caribbean Stock Exchange, Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange (ECSE), The Trinidad and Tobago Stock Exchange Limited (TTSE), Bahamas International Securities Exchange (BISX), Securities Exchange of Barbados (SEB), Bermuda Stock Exchange (BSX), and Jamaica Stock Exchange (JCSD). The Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange is a regional securities market established by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank and licensed under the Securities Act of 2001, which is a standardized regional body of legislation governing securities market activities. Its the first reg ional securities market in the western hemisphere. The ECSE is design to facilitate the buying and selling of financial products, including corporate stocks and bonds and government securities, for Caribbean countries such as, Grenada, St.Kitts and Nevis, Montserrat, St. Lucia, Anguilla, Dominica, St.Vincent and the Grenadines and Antigua and Barbuda (source:www.esceonline.com). There is also the regional Stock Exchange. Involved countries are Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. In the regional stock exchange, any transaction of the exchange that is done locally is settled in their currency and those internationally in US$. Trinidad and Jamaica are the only ones with tickers locally. No system is placed for out of the region trading. However, stocks can be bought from Jamaica licenses to take part in the exchange. Local regional companies are the only ones listed, but other companies who qualify can join. Private companies transfer to publics ones by offering a percentage of their securities to the general public, and at the same time enlisting on a securities stock exchange such as ECSE or NASDAQ.

Reflection Paper - 1450 Words

Julia L. Garcia 1-19 THEOLOGY REFLECTION PAPER 1. What is the personal message/meaning of the creation stories from you? Since I was a little girl, I was fascinated with the story of creation in Genesis. I must have been six or seven years old when I read it for the first time from the old Bible of my uncle. I remember being absolutely awestruck by the great power of God who ordered and things came to be. At that time, I imagined the author of the Biblical text as being an eyewitness to the creation and faithfully reporting of what he had seen. The first chapters of the Book of Genesis reflect on the mystery of God, the creator of everything that exists, the creator of heaven and earth. Everything that is, exists because God had†¦show more content†¦More often the action is much more common, though no less challenging: forgive an offense, repair a broken relationship, and resist temptation. These are works of faith and we are called to the serious business of faithful living every day. Our faith may not be perfect, but we have one who perfectly embraced the goodness and faithfulness of God. Je sus did that for us, and sends us the Holy Spirit so that we may embrace his forgiveness when we fail and live in his grace and power through obedient faithfulness each day. 3. What can you learn from the example of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph? What I learned from them is the value of obedience. We must always obey what God wants us to do because He knows what is best for us. I also learned that God will always find a way for us to be happy; He doesn’t want to see us suffer. One proof of this is when he liberated the Israelites from the Egyptians. God used an instrument to free them and he asked in return for their faith in him. So from that, I can say that God never lets us face our problem alone, he uses instrument in other forms to help us deal with our problem and in return, he just wants our endless faith in Him. And he also wants us to love Him unconditionally. 4. What are the different slaveries you are in right now, and how do you intend to liberate yourself from this? I am a slave of procrastination; I always like to do things on the last minute. Sometimes I feel like doing what isShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper1317 Words   |  6 Pagesused to struggle with forming my thoughts into writing, let alone a paper. I was never confident with what I wrote. My writing had no greater purpose other than the assignment. My writing process included: writing my paper, proofreading it, and turning it in. Once the paper left my hands, it also left my mind. Throughout this course we worked with others, visited the writing lab, wrote critiques, and we were able to revise our papers. I believe that all of this is has caused me to grow greatly as aRead MoreReflection Paper836 Words   |  4 Pagesand integrating quotes. Before my papers were full of â€Å"she said† and â€Å"she would say†; which was boring and showed poor ability to len gthen my word choice. I also had a tendency to just throw quotes in and not integrate it into my writings. By the end of my English 101 class my papers began to present with words like â€Å"the author noted†, or â€Å"she stated† along with many other word choices and proper ways of using quotes. Here is an example from my final research paper: â€Å"Author Stephanie Jackson, a certifiedRead MoreNursing Reflection Paper858 Words   |  4 Pagesremainder of this reflection. I met Betty about eight years ago, as I was a close friend of her brother. Although her brother and I grew apart, I would still occasionally see Betty around. Never did I think that I would ever see her on the unit in which I was working, but a few weeks ago, this idea changed. When I arrived back to the nurse’s station after checking on each of my patients, I saw that my co-caring nurse was getting an admission. I looked down at the sheets of paper he had in front ofRead MoreReflection Paper On The Humanities Field1071 Words   |  5 Pages Over the course of this semester each paper that was written helped to introduce me and my fellow classmates to different formatting, and genres of writing. A lot of knowledge was gained from writing these papers and I was able to compare and contrast the disciplinary writings and notice what makes each of them stand out. Reflecting back on these individual papers helps to express what I have learned. The first paper that was written was the humanities essay. The humanities essay helped to provideRead MorePersonal Reflection Paper On English1015 Words   |  5 Pages Reflection Paper English has never been my strong suit. I always hated English simply, because I never concerned myself as a writer. I always stuck to the bare minimum and was pleased to know that I passed. I honestly never tried hard in English because I never felt good enough. I did not see myself as a confident writer and I am not sure I ever will. Since, being enrolled in English 201, it supplied some challenges that I was not ready for and felt unsuited for. Along the way, I learnRead MoreReflection Paper On Writing And Writing1085 Words   |  5 PagesThe content of my paper was typically not the issue, the organization of the ideas was. I always had good ideas to write about, but I never knew how to organize those thoughts into a well-organized paper. Although in Writing 101, I used the multiple steps of the writing process to insert my ideas into a well-written paper, I continued to struggle in areas such as grammar and mechanics. In Writ 102, I was able to realize that the writing process develops over time, and the best papers result from revisionRead MoreReflection Paper : Barbie Q By Sandra Cisneros938 Words   |  4 Pagesexploration paper, the reading and writing paper, the annotated bibliography, and the academic research paper. The semester began with basic lessons on general writing rules during class and progressed into a much more complex course, including lessons on expansion and development of evidence and supporting details, as well as the argument of the paper as a whole. Although each assignment taught something new, each built onto the last and helped transition my progress through each paper. The firstRead MoreReflection Paper On Reflection1076 Words   |  5 Pagesknew how to write short story analysis papers, or your run-of-the-mill story reflection. After hearing I would have wrote a total of 5000 words minimum, I was left flabbergasted. Nevertheless, the challenges faced when writing these papers gave me an abundant amount of knowledge in transitional word use, and finally becoming comfortable with the drafting process. When writing my papers, however, I still would like to increase my ability to structure my papers with more confidence. Before this periodRead MoreReflections Paper1552 Words   |  7 PagesComfort and Gods Glory Ray Kirby Liberty University In the decision to discuss two topics included within this reflection paper I have been led to discuss two doctrines that are close to all Christians. The comfort of God and the glory of God are the two doctrines that I have focused on over the last several weeks. The comfort of God has touched me at times over the course of my life however, never as much as it has over the last year. I wish to praise the glory of God as directed withinRead MoreReflection Paper1562 Words   |  7 PagesReflection Paper #1 Rhonda Carter Theology 104-D11 LOU April 15, 2013 I. Introduction This paper will be written to discuss the two topics I have chosen to write about for my first reflection paper. The topics I chose are spiritual gifts and love. When you start to think about it, these two things go together. If a person uses their spiritual gifts for the right reasons they will be doing it out of love for God. A lot of people these days do not use their

Marketing Syllabus Spring Free Essays

The student will then have ten (10) days to respond in one of the following ways: Sign the form and request a meeting with the Academic Dean to discuss the allegations and or proposed sanctions; Sign and return the form to the Academic Dean accepting responsibility for the violation and agreeing to the recommended sanction(s); If the student fails to respond within thirty (30) days, a hold will be placed on the students account and the right to participate in the resolution of the allegation will be forfeited. Formal Resolutions: If the alleged violation could result in the suspension or dismissal from the university, or if the student or faculty member requests a formal resolution, the Academic Dean will notify the faculty member and the student(s) that a formal hearing of the Academic Dishonesty Committee will be convened. The committee will be comprised of seven (7) full time faculty members to be appointed by the Vice-President for Academic Affairs on an annual basis. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Syllabus Spring or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Academic Dean will serve as chair and will not have voting privileges. The Vice-President for Student Development will serve as an ex officio member of the committee. The Academic Dean will schedule a hearing in a timely manner and all parties will be notified often and location. If the accused student requests, the Academic Dean will assist the student in securing a member of the university community to advise and assist the student in preparing for the hearing. All parties will have the opportunity to present his/her evidence to the committee. The documents, testimony and record of the hearings will be confidential. Upon completion of the testimony, the Committee will meet in closed chambers and vote on the disposition of the student’s status at the university. Penalties: Depending upon the intent and severity of the violation, a student found responsible for any act of academic dishonesty will be subject to one or more of the following penalties: The student is placed on academic honor probation until graduation. For any student on academic honor probation, a second violation will result in a minimum sanction of one semester of suspension from the university. In addition to academic honor probation, a student might also receive a grade of â€Å"F† on the assignment or test; students might also receive an â€Å"P’ in the course; or be suspended or dismissed from the university. No provision will be made for the student to receive a â€Å"W† regardless of whether the professor or student initiate said request. If the student receives a grade of â€Å"F† for the course or is suspended or dismissed from the university, the transcript will indicate the grade with â€Å"HP† and/or the notation â€Å"Academic Honor Suspension (Dismissal). † All students found guilty of academic honor violations shall have a written letter detailing the violation and sanction placed in their permanent record. Copies of this letter will also be sent to the faculty member of the course, appropriate College Dean, and to the Vice-President for Student Development. Appeals: A student may submit a written appeal of a guilty finding to the Vicissitude for Academic Affairs within ten days of receipt of the original decision. Appeals must be based on new evidence, additional information, or procedural errors or misconduct. The Vice-President’s decision is final. 4) Exam Policy: The administration of a final examination prior to the date designated is considered a violation of University policy; therefore, no final exams for this course will be given other than on the specified day and time without the express approval of the Dean of the College of Business and Management. Such exceptions may be given for only the most extreme and sensitive cases. Other than such exceptions, no â€Å"make-up† examinations shall be administered. It is essential that each student plan accordingly, especially regarding post-term travel plans. 5) Accommodation Statement: â€Å"Lynn University makes reasonable accommodations for qualified students with documented disabilities under the Americans with Disabilities Act (DAD) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. If special accommodations are needed, please contact the DAD compliance Officer at 561-237-7069 or shearn@lynn. Du to assist in commenting and defining those needs. Accommodations are not retroactive therefore, for any accommodation the instructor must be presented with the form specifying the needs. The Academic DAD Specialist is located in the Green Center. 6) Incomplete Grade: A. For a student to be eligible to receive an incomplete for a course: 1) The student must provide to the dean of students documentation of the extenuating circumstance(s) that prevent him/her from satisfying the course requirements and learning outcomes of that particular course. 2) The student, at the time of applying for an incomplete, must have employed 2/3 of the term and have a passing grade. B. The application process: 1) The student will have the option of applying for an incomplete in one or more courses. 2) The student will obtain and complete the incomplete application form and bring it to the dean of students with appropriate documentation. The dean of students will verify that the student’s application satisfies the eligibility criteria. If the application satisfies the eligibility criteria then the dean of students will return the approved form to the student who will then take the form to the professor of the course. The professor and student will draw out contract, which includes but is not limited to: all coursework to be completed and the deadline for this material to be submitted. After the student agrees to the terms of the contract and signs the form, the professor will take the contract to the dean of his/her college. The dean will then review the contract and sign the form upon approval. The â€Å"l† is now official and the contract is binding. The dean of the college will distribute copies of the contract to the professor, the student, the dean of students and the Registrar. Each recipient will place the copied contract in the appropriate file. The roofless will keep one copy and the original will be placed in the student’s file in the college of his/her major. C. The form: 1) Will be available online. 2) Will contain current grade, what specific assignments are to be completed due date for all material (not to exceed One year beyond the original term final grade due date), and state that the final course grade will be a ‘W† if the student does not complete the requirements. 7) Withdrawals: Students are limited to eight undergraduate and three graduate course withdrawals. ) Assignments: Papers must be submitted ONLY through the Assignment link n Blackboard. For assistance with Blackboard, contact the IT Help Desk at 561-2377979. Late papers will not be accepted without penalty without the prior consent of the professor. Extensions may be granted on an individual basis and will only be granted for particularly sensitive cases. The grant ing of makeup papers shall be at the sole discretion of the professor and will not be given except for particularly sensitive cases that are discussed at length with the professor. In any group project, the student is expected to become an integral team member, with active input, interaction, and contributions. Once mea members have been selected, it is the responsibility of the team to agree upon the work assignment and allocation of team resources. A student who does not completely follow through with that student’s commitments to the team will not receive a passing grade for the project. 9) Dress code: For all activities in the classroom that involve a guest presenter, as well as for field study visitations, the student shall be required to dress in business casual attire. If the instructor determines that the student’s appearance is inappropriate for a scheduled activity, the student will not be permitted to participate. 0) Questions and concerns: Students who have concerns or questions regarding academic matters relating to this course are urged to consult with the instructor. Students should be familiar with information found in the current Lynn University Academic Catalog. Required Texts Articles, Videos, and e-mails throughout the term as provided by the professor, including postings on this course’s Blackboard companion site. Suggested Reading and Sources (1) Street Smith’s Sports Business Journal, subscription available at www. Superciliousness’s. Com Course Requirements Each student will complete all assignments and is responsible for Discussion Board postings on Blackboard. Details about each of these projects are attached to this syllabus. You may complete any assignment in any order you please. Try to complete one project every two weeks, and to complete your Discussion board posts on a Weekly basis. All work is due by Friday Feb. 27 at 1 1 :pm properly posted in Blackboard. Grading Grading is based on the following system: Deal Maker USB LOC Discussion Board USB Advertising USB Launch Party Total 20 points 100 points Grades for each of the factors listed above will be posted progressively throughout the semester, and will be accessible to the student through the university online Blackboard system. Student final grades shall be rounded by tenths to the nearest whole number. A grade of exactly one-half point shall be rounded to the next highest whole number. Student grades shall not be rounded by hundredths to the nearest tenth. How to cite Marketing Syllabus Spring, Essays

Uses of Currency Hedging in International Trade

Introduction International trade generates several benefits to the countries and the players involved in the process. However, the fluctuations in the exchange rate between countries makes international trade quite risky. Statistics show that currency risk contributes about 40% of the total risks of international trade (Campbell, Medeiros Viceira 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Uses of Currency Hedging in International Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most players in the international market are of the opinion that the volatility of the exchange rate has a significant negative impact on trade across various countries. This belief has made government of various countries to come up with measures that reduces the negative impact of exchange rate fluctuations. An example is the European Monetary System (Chang 2009). The system makes use of one currency across Europe and this reduces the negative impact of foreign currency fluctuation. Besides, a number of hedging instruments have been innovated to help reduce the risks that arise from currency fluctuation. The advancement of these products has resulted in a significant decline in the risks that arise from hedging (Reuvid Sherlock 2011). This reflective treatise seeks to discuss the uses of currency hedging in international trade and the effect of currency hedging on young businesses who engage in international trade. Uses of currency hedging in international trade As a definition, â€Å"currency hedging is the act of entering into a financial contract in order to protect against unexpected, expected or anticipated changes in currency exchange rate† (Western Union Holdings Inc. 2013). Thus, currency hedging can be compared to how insurance policies work. Examples of the methods used in carrying out currency hedging are spot contracts, interest rate swaps, future, and forward contracts. The usage of currency hedging has gro wn significantly over the years. This can be attributed to the need to reduce risks that from currency fluctuations. Thus, the first use of currency hedging in the international market is to eliminate the risks that the players encounter when carrying out businesses internationally. The players can enter into several contracts that are meant to achieve certain goals. The goals are founded on the risk level that the consumers are exposed to. Therefore, hedging minimizes the liquidity risk that the consumers are exposed to (Grath 2011). A study that was conducted by Jochen Schmittmann revealed that â€Å"hedging of currency risk substantially reduced the volatility of foreign investments at a quarterly investment horizon† (Schmittmann 2010, p. 1). The objective of the study was to evaluate the benefits that arise from hedging. In the study, the author used â€Å"single and multi country equity and bond portfolios from the perspectives of investors based in various countriesâ⠂¬  (Schmittmann 2010, p. 1). The study further revealed that the positive impact of currency hedging on risk reduction was felt in the cases where consumers had longer investments that lasted for periods that are greater than five years. Therefore, there is theoretical evidence that supports the fact that currency hedging results in a reduction of risk.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, with a reduction in the level of risk, investors are motivated to invest in various countries. Jochen Schmittmann states that currency hedging can be compared to â€Å" the replacing the very volatile and stochastic exchange rate components of international investment returns with the ex ante known and much less volatile forward premium of discount† (Schmittmann 2010, p. 57). Therefore, hedging eliminates the component of loss that arises from the fluctuation of the foreign c urrency. This enhances movement of goods and services in various countries across the world. Besides, it results in an increase in the amount of profits that investors are likely to earn from their investments (Taylor 2004). Further, an increase in the volume of international trade enhances global financing because investors will have certain estimates of the amount that they expect from their investments. Thus, it can be observed that the currency hedging results in growth and development of various countries due to capital flow (Michenaud Solnik 2008). The effect of currency hedging on young businesses Based on the above discussion it can be noted that hedging generates a number of benefits to various players in the market. Currency hedging is commonly used by large scale importers and exports (Branch 2010). Young businesses are often characterized by a low amount of capital and lack of financial base to cover all the risks that the company faces. Besides, their exposure in the f inancial market is quite low. Thus, the cost of setting up and managing currency hedging outweighs the revenues and benefits that they expect to earn from the project. Therefore, most young businesses who engage in international trade do not use currency hedging. However, the inconveniences and losses that the businesses incur are quite high. This calls for the need for the young business to use currency hedging. There are a number of effects of currency hedging on young businesses (Chincarini 2007). First, currency hedging protects the cash flows, margins and profitability of young businesses. This arises from the fact that there will be a reduction in the amount of losses that arises from the risk of currency fluctuation. This eliminates the possibility of damage on the bottom line of the business. This effect is important because the young businesses do not have a strong capital base that will absorb losses of large magnitude (David Stewart 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Uses of Currency Hedging in International Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, currency hedging enables the young businesses to budget effectively. The businesses are still facing a number of financial challenges in their operations. Therefore, accuracy in budgeting is essential because it helps such businesses to improve their operations. Thirdly, currency hedging gives room for the management to focus on other areas of the business that are of major concern and not the financial end of transactions (Walker 2008). Therefore, with currency hedging, the management will not worry about the end result of transactions and this gives them time to focus on the growth of the business. Finally, currency hedging boasts the competitive advantage of young businesses. Statistics show that several young businesses do not know how to protect themselves from currency exposure or they do not engage in currency due to the amount of costs involved. Therefore, if a business is in a position to eliminate the cost of exposure to currency risks in their books, then they will gain competitive advantage. This arises from the fact that the possible currency fluctuation losses that arise from a failure to hedge will be eliminated. Thus, they will be reported higher amount of profits (Akram, Rime Sarno 2008). Conclusion The paper carried out a discussion on the use of currency hedging in international trade and the effect of currency hedging on young businesses who engage in international trade. The discussion above shows that the main use of currency hedging in international trade is to protect businesses from losses arising from currency fluctuation. References Akram, F, Rime, D Sarno, L 2008, ‘Arbitrage in the foreign exchange market: turning on the microscope’, Journal of International Economics, vol. 76. no. 2, pp. 237-253. Branch, A 2010, Export practice and management, Cengage Lear ning, USA. Campbell, J, Medeiros, K Viceira, L 2010, ‘Global currency hedging’, Journal of Finance, vol. 65. no. 1, pp. 87-121.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chang, K 2009, ‘Currency hedging: a free lunch?’, MSCI Barra Research Insights. Available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1384584 Chincarini, B 2007, ‘The effectiveness of global currency hedging after the Asian crisis’, Journal of Asset Management, vol. 8. no. 1, pp. 34-51. David, P Stewart, R 2010, International logistics: the management of international trade operations, Cengage Learning, USA. Grath, A 2011, The handbook of international trade and finance: the complete guide to risk management, international payments and currency management, bonds and guarantees, credit insurance and trade finance, Kogan Page Publishers, USA. Michenaud, S Solnik, B 2008, ‘Applying regret theory to investment choices: currency hedging decisions’, Journal of International Money and Finance, vol. 27. no. 1, pp. 677-694. Reuvid, J Sherlock, J 2011, International trade: an essential guide to the principles and practice of export, K ogan Page Publishers, USA. Schmittmann, J 2010, Currency hedging for international portfolios, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2010/wp10151.pdf. Taylor, M 2004, ‘The purchasing power parity debate’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 18. no. 1, pp. 135-158. Walker, E 2008, ‘Strategic currency hedging and global portfolio investments upside down’, Journal of Business Research, vol. 61. no. 2, pp. 657–668. Western Union Holdings Inc. 2013, Currency hedging, https://business.westernunion.com/en-us/learning-center/FX-101/Currency-Hedging. This essay on Uses of Currency Hedging in International Trade was written and submitted by user Seamus Beck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.